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Saudi Toxicology Journal

Keywords

Chronic kidney disease, estimated glomerular filtration rate, serum creatinine, cystatin C, race

Document Type

Research Article

Abstract

Globally, the rates of chronic kidney disease (CKD) are increasing due to the increasing incidence of hypertension, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. Early detection and treatment of kidney disease are essential in improving health outcomes. Estimate glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is used to diagnose, stage, and manage CKD. CKD biomarkers are broadly categorized into traditional (serum creatinine), emerging (cystatin C), and disease specific (Interleukin-6). The purpose of this narrative review is to synthesize the current evidence regarding the use of eGFR in diverse populations. The initial eGFR equations included race variables, which created a controversial debate about their relevancy and has contributed to health disparities. However, evidence supports the effectiveness of race-free eGFR equation and cystatin C as emerging better alternatives to biomarker creatine. Additionally, emerging evidence supports the effectiveness of the use of genetic testing in enhancing diagnoses and management of kidney diseases. Also, point-of-care (POC) biosensors have potential solutions for rapid, accessible, cost-effective, and non-invasive kidney function diagnostics. Equity in renal health care can be enhanced through multifaceted interventions and collaboration among different stakeholders, encompassing risk assessment approaches, patient and caregiver education, integrated practices, and strategic partnerships. The emerging development, including metabolomics, fluorescent probes, and wearable sensor technologies represents a significant paradigm shift toward personalized and equitable nephrology care. To validate, scale, and ease the adoption of these technologies in clinical practice, there is a need for multidisciplinary collaboration among researchers, clinicians, and policymakers.

DOI

https://doi.org/10.70957/uqu.edu.sa/s.toxicology.s/stj.2025.2.9

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